Track Categories
The track category is the heading under which your abstract will be reviewed and later published in the conference printed matters if accepted. During the submission process, you will be asked to select one track category for your abstract.
Enzymes are both macromolecular and micro molecular proteins and are located evidently. They are macromolecular biological catalysts and boost up chemical reactions. Enzymology deals with the study of enzymes, their kinetics, structure, and function, in addition to their relation to each different. Enzymes play a totally crucial function in the world. They act as a catalyst for a chemical response, whether that reaction includes the execution of DNA for the cause of cellular repair or for the digestion of any forms of meat as well as fowl. Biochemistry is the department of technology which offers with the chemical strategies within and associated with residing organisms. It is a laboratory based totally science that mixes each biology and chemistry. Biochemistry mainly focuses on methods that occur at a molecular level like interior our cells, reading components like proteins, lipids and organelles. It also looks at how cells speak with each other. Biochemists need to apprehend how the molecular structure relates to its function, and then allow them to expecting that how the molecules will have interaction. Biochemistry covers a number of medical disciplines, which incorporates genetics, microbiology, forensics, plant technology and medication
Molecular enzymology is that department of biochemistry which encircles or offers with the functional in addition to the structural characteristics of the enzymes within a molecular degree. Enzymes are globular proteins which play a completely essential role as a catalyst for any type of biochemical reactions. Molecular enzymology is based on designing and enzyme synthesis and excessive unmet medical wishes are based on innovative drug objectives. These works are based totally on revolutionary drug targets. Molecular Enzymology's hobby consist of in all factors related to enzymes like discovery of enzymes, structure of enzymes, enzyme mechanisms, cellular and metabolic capabilities of enzymes, discovery of medication, biochemical aspects of enzymes, bioinformatics, computational analysis, research for molecular modeling, newer strategies in enzyme expression in addition to purification, bio catalysis, bio molecular engineering, enzyme kinetics and enzyme inhibitors.
Computational enzymology is the scientific subdiscipline that applies computational molecular simulation and modeling to enzymes, in particular to simulate enzyme-catalyzed reactions.Computational enzymology is a rapidly developing and maturing scientific area, which is increasingly contributing to understanding mechanisms of enzyme catalysis, as well as for practical applications of enzymes.Computational modeling and simulation have the unique potential to offer detailed, atomic-resolution insight into the dynamics and reactions of biomolecules. Quantum mechanical electronics structure calculations can be useful for modeling reactions in models of enzyme active sites. Larger models can be treated with combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics or empirical valence bond methods, with which molecular dynamics simulations can be performed.
Enzymes are the extremely selective biocatalysts synthesized by living cells. Therapeutic enzymes are those enzymes which can be used medically either isolately or adjunctly with other therapies with the purpose of treatment of various diseases safely. Use of these enzymes as drugs for the treatment of medical problems forms the basis for “Therapeutic use of enzymes”. Enzyme supplements are often prescribed for patience suffering from disorders that affect the digestive processes such as Cysic fibrosis, Gaucher'"s disease and celiac disease. Enzymes have the ability to purify the blood,stenghen the immune system, enhance the mental capacity, cleanse the colon and maintain the proper pH balance in urine. Enzyme immobilization is another broad field which is applied in therapeutics. Immobilization process is to optimize the operational perforformance of an enzyme for industrial application. Immobilization improves many properties of enzymes such as performance in organic solvents, pH tolerance, selectivity, heat stability and functional stability.
In the presence of an enzyme, the reaction runs in the same direction as it would without the enzyme, just more quickly. For example, carbonic anhydrase catalyses its reaction in either direction depending on the concentration of its reactants. The rate of a reaction is dependent on the activation energy needed to form the transition state which then decays into products. Enzymes increase reaction rates by lowering the energy of the transition state. First, binding forms a low energy enzyme-substrate complex (ES). Secondly the enzyme stabilises the transition state such that it requires less energy to achieve compared to the uncatalyzed reaction (ES‡). Finally the enzyme-product complex (EP) dissociates to release the products.
A case study is generally a documented study of a specific real-life situation or imagined scenario, used as a training tool in business schools and firms. Students or trainees are required to analyse the prescribed cases and present their interpretations or solutions, supported by the line of reasoning employed and assumptions made. The case study consists of various notes that represent the particular patient. The detail of the particular patient such as laboratory findings, Medical history, Family history, Social history, Physical examination, Treatment plan etc.
Genetics is a term that refers to the study of genes and their roles in inheritance - in other words, the way that certain traits or conditions are passed down from one generation to another. Genetics involves scientific studies of genes and their effects. Genes (units of heredity) carry the instructions for making proteins, which direct the activities of cells and functions of the body. Examples of genetic or inherited disorders include cystic fibrosis (See: Learning About Cystic Fibrosis), Huntington's disease (Learning About Huntington's Disease), and phenylketonuria (PKU) (Learning About Phenylketonuria).
Genomics is a more recent term that describes the study of all of a person's genes (the genome), including interactions of those genes with each other and with the person's environment. Genomics includes the scientific study of complex diseases such as heart disease, asthma, diabetes, and cancer because these diseases are typically caused more by a combination of genetic and environmental factors than by individual genes. Genomics is offering new possibilities for therapies and treatments for some complex diseases, as well as new diagnostic methods.
The nanomaterials possess ideal characteristics to equilibrate principal factors which determine biocatalysts efficiency, including specific surface area, mass transfer resistance and effective enzyme loading. This review presents the current scenario and techniques in enzyme immobilization. Some methods are used which are efficient to combine proteins/enzymes with nanoparticles. Immobilization process is to optimize the operational performance of an enzyme for industrial applications. So far different matrices have been described in the literature to improve the performance of the immobilized enzymes. With the advent of nanotechnology, the nanomaterials because of their unique physico-chemical properties constitute novel and interesting matrices for enzyme immobilization.
Chemical, physical and structural aspects of each molecule add to their funtional activity in the cell. These chemical interactions, binding activity, binding energy, other physical variables which contribute to the biophysics of a biomolecule.Structural biology deals with strategical engagement of each molecule with another interms of their binding and structural integrity. Chemical reactions associated with each them acts as basis for the biochemistry of that molecule.Especially biochemistry of protein which is involved in day today metabolism of human body.
Enzymes are equally important in food technology as very like to the other fields. Preservation of food and fermentation enzymes are most widely used. Cheese and brewing rely on enzyme activity in various stages of processing. Traditional food products like yoghurt and many more depend on enzymes. Mostly commonly used bread is also a end product of enzymatic reaction. Enzymes used may be endogenous like amylase used in mashing, like wise yoghurt Accessibility of substrate by enzymes.
Recent advances in computational and bio imaging techniques have greatly enhanced the ability of biomedical engineers to better understand the dynamics of the human body and functions of living organisms. Specifically, recent advanced computational, mathematical, and physical methods have helped researchers to develop sophisticated techniques that can solve the problems encountered in the fields of bionics and biomechanics and improve the visualization of biological systems and design of new medical devices. Prominent examples include the tagged magnetic resonance imaging for studying brain biomechanics and medical ultrasound imaging for imitating animal echolocation. These advances in imaging and visualization methods are helping identify, classify, and quantify patterns in bionics and biomechanical investigations.
Bio molecular engineering is the application of engineering principles and practices to the purposeful manipulation of molecules of biological origin. ... The thermodynamics and kinetics of molecular recognition in enzymes, antibodies, DNA hybridization, bio-conjugation/bio-immobilization and bio separations are studied.
Structural Biochemistry/Enzyme. Enzymes are macromolecules that help accelerate (catalyze) chemical reactions in biological systems. This is usually done by accelerating reactions by lowering the transition state or decreasing the activation energy. These residues are called the catalytic groups. Enzymes made from artificial molecules which do not occur anywhere in nature have been shown to trigger chemical reactions in the lab, challenging existing views about the conditions that are needed to enable life to happen. A team of researchers have created the world’s first enzymes made from artificial genetic material.
The synthetic enzymes, which are made from molecules that do not occur anywhere in nature, are capable of triggering chemical reactions in the lab. Enzyme systems like tyrosinases, transferases and lysyl oxidases show interesting characteristics as dynamic scaffolds and as systems for controlled release. Increased attention is currently paid to hydrogels obtained via crosslinking of precursors by transferases or peroxidases as catalysts. Enzyme-mediated crosslinking has proven its efficiency and attention has now shifted to the development of enzymatically crosslinked hydrogels with higher degrees of complexity, mimicking extracellular matrices. Moreover, bottom-up approaches combining biocatalysts and self-assembly are being explored for the development of complex nano-scale architectures. In this review, the use of enzymatic crosslinking for the preparation of hydrogels as an innovative alternative to other crosslinking methods, such as the commonly used UV-mediated photo-crosslinking or physical crosslinking will be discussed.
Cell signalling is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cell and coordinates all cell actions. The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their microenvironment is the basis of development, tissue repair, and immunity as well as normal tissue homeostasis. Errors in signalling interactions and cellular information processing are responsible for diseases such as cancer autoimmunity and diabetes.Cells have proteins called receptors that bind to signalling molecule and initiate a physiological response. Receptors transform external signals into internal ones via protein action, ion channel opening or enzyme activation.
Although recently developed programmable editing tools, such as zinc finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases, have significantly improved the capacity for precise genome modification, these techniques have limitations. CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 technology represents a significant improvement over these other next-generation genome editing tools, reaching a new level of targeting, efficiency, and ease of use. The CRISPR/Cas9 system allows for site-specific genomic targeting in virtually any organism.
Genome editing is a way of making specific changes to the DNA of a cell or organism. An enzyme cutsthe DNA at a specific sequence, and when this is repaired by the cell a change or 'edit' is made to the sequence
A cell is enclosed by a plasma membrane, which forms a selective barrier that allows nutrients to enter and waste products to leave. The interior of the cell is organized into many specialized compartments, or organelles, each surrounded by a separate membrane. One major organelle, the nucleus, contains the genetic information necessary for cell growth and reproduction. Each cell contains only one nucleus, whereas other types of organelles are present in multiple copies in the cellular contents, or cytoplasm. Organelles include mitochondria, which are responsible for the energy transactions necessary for cell survival; lysosomes, which digest unwanted materials within the cell; and the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, which play important roles in the internal organization of the cell by synthesizing selected molecules and then processing, sorting, and directing them to their proper locations. In addition, plant cells contain chloroplasts, which are responsible for photosynthesis, whereby the energy of sunlight is used to convert molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into carbohydrates. Between all these organelles is the space in the cytoplasm called the cytosol. The cytosol contains an organized framework of fibrous molecules that constitute the cytoskeleton, which gives a cell its shape, enables organelles to move within the cell, and provides a mechanism by which the cell itself can move. The cytosol also contains more than 10,000 different kinds of molecules that are involved in cellular biosynthesis, the process of making large biological molecules from small ones.
The cell is the basic structural, biological and functional unit of all known living organisms and it is the smallest unit of life. Cells are the study of building blocks of life.T he human body is collected of trillions of cells they provide structure for the body take in nutrients from food transform those nutrients into energy and carry out specialized functions. The cells die through infection, poisoning, overheating or lack of oxygen. Immunology is important in medical and biological sciences also it protects us from infection through various lines of defense. As it should, it is not functioning of immune system and it can result in diseases such as autoimmunity, Cancer Cell, and allergy. When health conditions aggravate to emergency status, portions of immune system organs including the thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic tissues can be surgically excised for consideration while patients are still alive.Immunological memory refers to the capacity of the immune system to respond more compact to successive exposures to the same antigen.
Cell physiology is the biological study regarding the activities that take place in a cell to keep it alive. This comprises animal cells, microorganisms, and plant cells . The term physiology mention to all the normal functions that take place in a living organism. The function of Cell Physiology is Organ-systems are a group of cells, tissues, and organs, which have dedicated functions in the body. Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes within the connection to living organisms. It was divided into three fields biochemical metabolism, Proteins, and molecular genetics. Biochemistry focuses on understanding how biological molecules give rise to the processes that occur within living between cells and cells which in turn relates greatly to the understanding and study of tissues, organisms, organ structure, and function. Foundations of cell physiology are animals, cells, plants, viruses, and microorganisms.
The cell differentiation or cell cycle is the sequence of events that take place in a cell leading to its duplication and division of its DNA (DNA replication) to produce two daughter cells. It plays an important part in the growth of embryos, and for the development and growth of our bodies as well. Mitosis produces new cells and replaces cells that are old, damaged or lost and in mitosis, a cell divides to form two identical daughter cells. Cytogenetics is a branch of gene technology that is concerned with how the chromosomes relate to cell behavior, particularly to their behavior during meiosis and mitosis. Quinacrine banding was the first marking method used to produce specific banding patterns. This method requires a fluorescence microscope and is no anymore as widely used as Giemsa banding. The Causes of cell sorting is cancer by accelerating cell division rates or prevent normal controls on the system, such as cell cycle programmed cell death or arrest.
Cancer genomics is the study of the entirety of gene expression and DNA Sequence differences between normal host cell and tumor cells. It's the promise of precision cancer treatment a focus on the independent tumor in the individual patient. Cancers types are including breast cancer, ovarian, colorectal, and prostate cancer as well as some other, less common, rarely certain types of cancer can be passed down through generations and environment. The symptoms of cancer may become depressed and anxious post diagnosis the risk of suicide in people with cancer is roughly double.
Animal cells are representative of the eukaryotic cell, enclosed by a plasma membrane and containing a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles and different from the eukaryotic cells of plants and fungi, animal cells do not have a cell wall. Microbial genetics Interaction between various microorganisms and include both positive and negative interaction, also it is an assemblage of species living close enough for potential interactions and within a community different consortia may be found. The various types of microbes in an interaction are identified and characterized by several methods. Interaction may change over time, Bioleaching and waste water treatment plants are non-sterile environments. Therefore various types of microorganisms will live common in a community, the interactions between the microbes matter much for the outcome of the processes.
Human genomics is the study of the provision as it occurs in human beings. The Human genome is the total set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome couple in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within own mitochondria. Human genomes involve both protein-coding DNA genes and noncoding DNA. Human genetics encompasses a differently of overlapping fields including classical genetics , cytogenetic, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics, genomics, developmental genetics, genetic counselling and clinical Ethic genetics. Human genetic variation is the genetic differences in whole populations, there may be multiple variants of any given gene in the human population, a situation called polymorphism. No two humans are genetically identical, even monozygotic twins having infrequent genetic differences due to mutations occurring during improvement and gene copy-number variation.
Data integration is the procedure of combining data generated using a variety of different research various in order to enable detection of underlying themes and in Computational biology and bioinformatics, biological principles. Data Analysis in this arena is dataintensive, which means data sets are large and highly heterogeneous, to create knowledge from data, researchers must integrate these large and diverse datasets. Predictive genomics is at the intersection of multiple disciplines as predictive medicine, translational bioinformatics and personal genomics. Specifically, predictive genomics deals with the future phenotypic outcomes through prediction in areas such as complex multifactorial diseases in humans. Prediction and Modelling involves the use of computer simulations of biological systems, including cellular subsystems, such as the networks of enzymes and metabolites which comprise metabolism, signal transduction pathways and gene technology regulatory networks, to both visualize and analyze the complex connections of these cellular processes.